EQUIPMENT OF FAMILY FARMS WITH AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN NORTHWEST OF MONTENEGRO

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INTRODUCTION
Sustainable functioning of agricultural family farms depends on their equipment with agricultural machinery, but also on the available human labor. Unfortunately, the working age population, especially the younger are increasingly missing in the countryside. It is necessary to facilitate and mechanize work processes and the application of agro-technical measures.
Rural aging is a common occurrence and is found in many countries, regardless of economic development (Veljković et al. 2020). In Montenegro, the labor force is becoming a limiting factor in the development of agriculture and revitalization of family farms, because 44% of the total number of people working in agriculture is older than 55 years (Šarović, 2014). Thus, the intensive development of agriculture is largely limited by the insufficient equipment of family farms with agricultural machinery and the lack of labor force. According to the 2010 census in Montenegro, agricultural production takes place mainly on 5265 family farms, on an area of 294400.7 ha of available land (Statistical Office of Montenegro, 2011). In the examined area, family farms are engaged in livestock production, while crop production is mainly for the needs of animal feed (meadow hay and cereals).
The aim of the research is to determine the equipment of family farms with agricultural mechanization based on the analysis of the existing situation and to give recommendations for the necessary mechanization.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The survey of agricultural family farms was conducted in the Northwest part of Montenegro in the territory of municipalities Pljevlja (41 willages, 71 farms), Ţabljak (14 willages, 16 farms), Kolašin (2 willages, 18 farms), and Mojkovac (8 willages, 18 farms). Villages and farms were selected for the survey by random sampling. In this 4 municipalities, a total of 123 agricultural farms in 65 villages were surveyed. The researchers used the interview questionnaire to record data on farm size, available areas (arable land, meadows and pastures), number, power, age, types and manufacturers of tractors, as well as the number and type of attachments. After the survey, the data were grouped, processed and presented in tables and graphs. The technical equipment of farms with the effective power of tractors per unit of agricultural area in the surveyed area is defined by the expression: Based on the data collected in the field, the equipment of family farms with mechanization was registered. The number of tractors per farm, arable land per tractor, average tractor power, effective power per hectare, equipment of farms with attachments, number of attachments per tractor and area of used land per attachment were determined.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The investigated area is the Northwest part of Montenegro and occupies 63359.9 ha or 21.52% of the total area of available land, so that one fifth of agricultural production takes place in this part of Montenegro. In all four municipalities, pastures and meadows cover an area of 45951.1 ha or 72.52% of the total land ( Table 1). The configuration of the terrain is very diverse, it consists of river valleys, hills, and mostly hills and mountains, so less than 2% of the available agricultural land is cultivated.  Family farms organize production on area 1612.08 ha. The average area of used agricultural land per surveyed farm is 13.11 ha, which is three times more than the average in Montenegro (4.60 ha). The farms with the largest average area are in the mountainous parts of the municipality of Ţabljak 18 ha (Table 2). Some family farms in the hilly and mountainous area own over 100 ha of land. These are mostly summer pastures on katuns, which according to the research of Šarović (2014) are over 58% in Northern Montenegro. Farmers in the surveyed area by average land are ahead than farmers in Slovenia, Greece, Serbia, Croatia, Western Turkey where the average farm area is less than 10 ha, and behind Poland, Denmark (Poje, 2016, Koprivica et al. 2009, Radivojević, 2014, Juscinski et al. 2017, Ozpinar, 2020.
The available agricultural land on farms is little cultivated 8.27% or 133.37 ha and these are mostly gardens and fields in river valleys, on hills and mountain plateaus.
According to the 2010 Census of Agriculture, 5,265 family farms in Montenegro owned 1,654 single-axle tractors up to 10 years of age and 4,036 single-axle tractors over 10 years of age (1.1 single-axle tractors per farm). The total number of two-axle tractors is 4560, of which 123 are owned by business entities (companies, cooperatives, etc.), which is half less (228) than in 1991 (Perošević, 2020). The age structure of tractors is unfavorable, as 52% of tractors are older than 20 years, and 8.4% of tractors are younger than 10 years. Most two-axle tractors have an engine power of 30-60 kW (3522) or 77.23% of the total number. A more precise picture of the number of tractors in Montenegro is given by the fact that in the period from 2013 to 2017, 866 tractors were registered. Registered tractors are older than 25 years, 55.6%. It is positive that tractors up to 5 years of age are represented with 38.16%. Poje (2016) states that 91.8% of registered tractors in Croatia are older than 10 years. The average age of registered tractors is 28.44 years, and in Osijek-Baranja County 20.71 years (Zimmer, 2019). In Slovenia, out of the total number of registered tractors in 2014, 83,291 are older than 12 years. The average age of registered tractors is more than 21 years (Poje, 2016). In Hungary, the average age of tractors in 2013 was 18.3 years, and in 2016 it was around 12 years. Of all tractor categories, 57% are older than 10 years. Tractors under the age of 10 are mostly tractors with a power of more than 60 kW (Kesmarki-Gally and Rak, 2018). In Serbia, in 2010, 95% of tractors were older than 10 years (Radivojević, 2014). In Turkey, 46% of the total number of tractors is older than 25, while in the Western part of Turkey, 88% of tractors are younger than 20 (Ozpinar, 2020).
For easier comparison and assessment of the level of equipment of farms with agricultural machinery, the number of single-axle and two-axle tractors and energy supply per unit area are shown (Tables 3 and 4). In the surveyed area, single-axle tractors with a power of 5-10 kW are 12 -16% of the total number of tractors. In addition to single-axle tractors, the farms also have 63 two-axle tractors, which make up 84% of the total number of tractors (Table 3).
Family farms are not sufficiently equipped with two-axle tractors, because on average, every other farm has a tractor (0.51 tractors per farm). According to the number of tractors per farm, this is more than Hungary (0.25) and Kosovo (0.43), and less than Serbia (0.64), Poland (0.77), Turkey (0.99), Slovenia (1.47), as well as the Croatian Osijek-Baranja County (3.3) (Koprivica et al. 2010, Radivojević, 2014, Poje, 2016, Juscinski et al. 2017, Кesmarki-Gally and Rak, 2018, Zimmer, 2019, Ozpinar, 2020. The average energy equipment in the surveyed area is 1.18 kW / ha, the highest in Pljevlja is 1.46 kW / ha, and the lowest in Ţabljak is only 0.45 kW / ha. For comparison, in Vojvodina, the energy equipment in the private sector is 3.54 kW / ha, and on one tractor with an average power of 40 kW is 15.83 ha of agricultural land. The use of tractor mechanical power in America is 0.783 kW / ha, in Europe 0.694 kW / ha, in Turkey 2.42 kW / ha, in Kosovo 2.55 kW / ha, in Poland 4.9 kW / ha (Koprivica et al. 2010, Bahattin, 2013, Juscinski et al. 2017). In the southeast part of Hungary, farms up to 4 ha in size are equipped with 1.04 tractors / farms, with an average power of 35.9 kW, 5.08 ha each and 6.86 kW / ha. The farm of 8.1-16 ha has 1.5 tractors with an average power of 84.1 kW for processing 13.26 ha and energy equipment with 3.6 kW / ha (Baranyai et al. 2014). In the examined area, the average two-axle tractor with a power of 30.12 kW cultivates 25.58 ha of used land, which is a large area for tractors of this category. In Slovenia there is 4 ha per tractor, in Croatia 5.32 ha, in Poland 6.35 ha, in Serbia 7.13 ha, in Kosovo 14.59 ha, in Turkey 17.78 ha of used land (Poje, 2016, Koprivica et al. 2010, Radivojević, 2014, Juscinski et al. 2017, Bahattin, 2013. In the survey, two-axle tractors were divided into 4 categories according to engine power (Figure 1). In terms of the number of tractors, are mostly tractors with rear-wheel drive up to 30 kW (73.02%), among which the IMT 539 tractor dominates with 60.32% of the total number of two-axle tractors. Then are the tractors of the power category of 31-40 kW (19.05%) to which the tractors IMT-542 (17.46%) and Ursus 3512 (1.59%) belong. There is the least tractors with drive four all-wheel (double traction) with engine power over 50 kW (3.17%), one tractor each IMT 577 and Rakovica 75 (Figure 1 and 2).   (Radivojević, 2014). In Poland, of the total number of tractors, 31% is engine power up to 50 kW, and the same percentage of tractors is over 50 kW (Juscinski et al. 2017). In Hungary, the number of 60 kW tractors has increased 4.5 times, but tractors up to 59 kW still predominate on farms (Кesmarki-Gally and Rak, 2017). Tractor sales in Slovenia in 2014 were the same for tractors with a power of 40-60 kW (33%) and 60-80 kW (34%) of the total number of tractors sold in that year (Poje, 2016). In Turkey, according to Bahattin et al. (2013) is a tractor engine power of 36-51 kW (37.55%) of the total number of tractors.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Montenegro, through EU funds, provided non-refundable funds for investments in equipping farms through projects. Approximate number of new tractors first time registred and producead in the previous and current calendar year of registration in period 2011-2019 are 818.
In the surveyed area, some farmers used these funds and procured new tractors Ursus, Belarus, Foton, Mahindra, Tafe, which were not included in the research results, because they were procured after the survey.
In addition to the number of tractors and their power, the level of mechanization also determines the number of attached machines on farms. According to statistical data in Montenegro, family farms have 8196 attachments for two-axle tractors. The most have trailers 57% and tillage machines, while have less mowers 17%, presses hay 12.63%, and the least of sowing and planting machines 3.11% The family farms covered by the research have 157 different attachments for two-axle tractors. Most plows are 23.57% and trailers 22.93% of the total number of attached machines. The tractor is mostly used for transport, and less in tillage, because only 3.59 ha of arable land is plowed with one plow. Harrows, smaller rotary cultivators, disc harrows, rollers are mostly used for pre-sowing soil preparation, and only 1 seedbed cultivator is used (Tables 5 and 6).
From the machines for harvesting fodder plants, the farmers own 18 tractor mowers, 9 hay collectors and 12 hay presses. Every other surveyed farm owns one of the mowers (motor or tractor mower). In this area, farmers have an average of 1.28 tractor attachments per farm, which is close to the national average. On average, one two-axle tractor with a power of 30.12 kW cultivates 10.27 ha of available land with 2.49 attached machines. In the Northeast part of Montenegro are 2.49 machines per two-axle tractor, 2.67 in Kosovo,5.89 in Serbia,7.26 in Turkey (Koprivica et al. 2009, Koprivica et al. 2010, Radivojević, 2014, Ozpinar, 2020.

CONCLUSIONS
Family farms are not sufficiently equipped with two-axle tractors (0.51 tractors per farm), which is below the national average (0.87 tractors per farm). Two-axle tractors with rear and front-wheel drive (double traction) over 50 kW is generally missing. The equipment of tractors with attachments is very poor, because there are 2.49 attachments on 10.27 ha of used land per one two-axle tractor with a power of 30.11 kW. In the surveyed area, and in the whole of Montenegro, there is a lack of combined machines for rational basic tillage and pre-sowing soil preparation: chisel plows, combined machines (seedbed cultivator), medium-heavy disc harrows and rotary harrows, as well as seeders for small grains and corn. In addition, there is a lack of tractor mowers with a double cutting machine, hay collectors and tedders, self-loading trailers, forage harvesters, roll presses, wrappers and balers for silage and haylage.