NEW RECORD FOR SPOTTED WING DROSOPHILA, Drosophila suzukii

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura


INTRODUCTION
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), also known as Spotted Wing Drosophila in the United States, and Cherry Drosophila in Japan, is an invasive, highly polyphagous and a devastating pest that originates from East Asia (Kanzava, 1935;Walsh et al., 2011). It was first described by Matsumura in Japan in 1931. The first record outside of Asia was in Hawaii in 1980 (Hauser, 2011), then in California in 2008 D. suzukii was found for the first time (Hauser, 2009). In Europe, it was first reported in Spain and Italy in 2008 (Grassi et al., 2011;Raspi et al., 2011;Calabria et al., 2010;Cini et al., 2012). Since then, the geographical distribution of D. suzukii has spread rapidly and many other European countries made their first record (Figure 1).
Adults of D. suzukii are small flies approximately 2.25-4.0 mm long (females are usually slightly larger than males), with red eyes, yellowish brown thorax and dark brown abdomen with black transverse stripes. Males display a black spot on the outer edge of each wing and two sex combs on the first and second segments of their front legs, females possess a large serrated ovipositor, clear wings without spots and lack sex combs on legs (Hauser, 2011;Walsh et al., 2011;Cini et al., 2012;EPPO, 2013). Even though males and females of D. suzukii can be easily detected by these distinguishing features of the two sexes, similar characters are present in some other closely related Drosophila species, such as Drosophila subpulchrella, Drosophila pulchrella, Drosophila immacularis and Drosophila immigrans (Hauser, 2011;Cini et al., 2012;EPPO, 2013Asplen et al., 2015.  (Ostojić et al., 2014), Serbia (Toševski et al., 2014), Ireland (NPPO of Ireland, 2015), Romania (Chireceanu et al., 2015), Montenegro (Radonjić and Hrnčić, 2015), Sweden (NPPO of Sweden, 2016), Turkey (Orhan et al., 2016) and the last record was from Cyprus (NPPO of Cyprus, 2017). (Legend: Present, Transient).
Spotted Wing Drosophila is a member of the subgenus Sophophora (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (Asplen et al., 2015). Drosophilidae consists of approximately 4,200 species, but they are generally not considered as pests because they are primary consumers of microorganisms, yeasts, and bacteria associated with the early stages of plant decay (Deprá et al., 2014;dos Santos et al., 2017). Unlike the vast majority of Drosophila species, which oviposit in decaying or rotting fruit, D. suzukii females are able to lay eggs in undamaged, ripening fruit by its serrated ovipositor (Gargani et al., 2013;Mazzi et al., 2017). The oviposition wounds and internal larval feeding as well as the secondary pathogens make infested fruit unmarketable Walsh et al., 2011). The pest has included on A2 list as a quarantine pest by the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO, 2013).
This invasive pest observed most often on cherries, peaches, plums, persimmons, strawberries, grapes, apricots, blackberries, blueberries, figs, hardy kiwis, nectarines, pears, pluots, raspberries, apples, oranges, tomatoes and also been found on wild and ornamental plants by several authors (Hauser et al., 2011;Lee et al, 2011;Walsh et al., 2011). This economically important pest led to $500 million in annual losses in Western US production areas without adequate control measures .
The goal of this study was to check the presence of the spotted wing drosophila, D. suzukii on cherries in Karaman province. This paper provides the first report on the occurrence of D. suzukii in central Anatolia. Also this is the first report of the presence of D. suzukii in cherry grown in Turkey.

Monitoring and Trapping of Drosophila suzukii
The monitoring of D. suzukii was conducted from the end of April (when the fruits were green) to the end of June (until the harvest) in 2017, in three cherry orchards which located in Ermenek, about 120 km south-west of Karaman (Central Anatolia). The cherry cultivars traditionally bred here are "0900 Ziraat".
In order to detect the D. suzukii, two apple cider vinegar traps were placed on cherry trees in each orchard, a total of six traps. The location of the Orchard 1, Orchard 2 and Orchard 3 were 36°37′34″N 33°1′9″E, 36°36′7″N 32°56′2″E, 36°37′42″N 33°1′31″E, respectively. Each trap consisted of a 500 ml durable plastic bottles, baited with 100 ml of apple cider vinegar, with five holes 5 mm in diameter on the top sides, to allow the entry of the attracted flies ( Figure 2) (Grassi et al., 2011;Gargani et al., 2013;Baser et al., 2015). Traps were hung at a height of 1.5-2 m on the south-eastern side of tree canopy (Grassi et al., 2011;Labanowska and Piotrowski, 2015;Radonjić and Hrnčić, 2015). Traps were replaced weekly with new ones and exposed traps were moved to laboratory where collected insects were preserved in 70% ethanol for further analysis (Grassi et al., 2011;Baser et al., 2015).

Identification of Drosophila suzukii
Morphological identification of the D. suzukii was done by using a stereomicroscope Olympus SZ61 following the Hauser (2011) and EPPO (2013) diagnostic protocol for D. suzukii. The males were distinguished by a conspicuous black spot on the outer edge of each wing and by the two sex combs on each of their front legs. Females were identified by large serrated ovipositor with many dark sclerotized teeth (Hauser, 2011;Deprá et al., 2014;Lue et al., 2017).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The adults of D. suzukii monitoring was carried out at six traps in three locations in 2017. The presence of D. suzukii was confirmed in all inspected locations. Results associated with the trap counts from the three locations are presented in Table 1. Data in Table 1 show that a total of 39 D. suzukii adults (24♀ and 15♂) were captured in the traps during the monitoring period on cherry orchards in Ermenek. Females were captured at first and outnumbered males in all locations. Traps also captured other flies, thrips, earwigs and houseflies. Usually, the proportion of other insects in traps was very high than D. suzukii.
In morphological sense, specimens of D. suzukii do not differ from the specimens of this species which previously recorded in other parts of Europe. Adults are 2-3 mm in length with red eyes and a pale brown to yellowish-brown thorax and abdomen. Males possessed a black spot on the outer edge of each wing ( Figure 3a) and two sex combs on the first and second segments of their front legs (Figure 3c). Females slightly larger than males (Figure 3b) and possessed a distinctly serrated ovipositor (Figure 3d) which allows them to lay eggs under the skin of a healthy, ripening fruits. The wings of females were clear without spots and there were no sex combs on their feet. This morphological characters make easy the identification of D. suzukii and distinguish it from other Drosophila species. Drosophila suzukii was detected for the first time in Erzurum, Turkey on strawberry crops by Orhan et al. in 2014. Just three years after the first detection, we found the pest on cherry crops in Ermenek (Figure 4). Although there are approximately 1000 km between Erzurum and Ermenek, the definition of the pest in Ermenek should not be surprising. Because the pest spread 1400 km/year either passively or actively through infested fruits (Calabria et al., 2010). With this study, we presents a new record of the occurrence of D. suzukii in Ermenek a c b d (Karaman), Central Anatolia on cherry and this is the first report of the presence of D. suzukii in cherry grown in Turkey.
Drosophila suzukii prefers a temperate climate (Walsh et al., 2011), like that of the many parts of fruit growing areas of Turkey. Therefore, spreading of the D. suzukii may lead to important economic costs in the absence of necessary measures.
This polyphagous pest threatened the fruit production and led to severe crop losses in its newly invaded areas in many parts of the world (Hauser, 2011;Lee et al., 2011;Walsh et al., 2011;Cini et al., 2012;Deprá et al., 2014). The adults of D. suzukii are very mobile so the pest has rapidly spread its geographic range in a very short time and became one of the most devastating pests, particularly on cherry and berry fruits and also on vineyards especially in the temperate regions (Saguez et al., 2013;Radonjić and Hrnčić, 2015).

CONCLUSIONS
This study is the first report on the occurrence of D. suzukii in cherry orchards in Ermenek (Karaman), Turkey. There are large cherry growing areas not only in Central Anatolia, but also in other regions of Turkey. In view of the rapid spread of the pest and potential for economic damage, further studies of D. suzukii biology, population dynamics and monitoring of the distribution should be done, especially in fruit growing areas with temperate climates in Turkey. Also, farmers should be informed about this new invasive pest.